A number of procedures use acoustic stimuli, such as imagination MIPs e.g.,, the International Affective Digitized Sound System (IADS ) and music MIPs (e.g., ). Some procedures use autobiographical information, such as autobiographical memories, while other procedures use written texts, such as Velten MIP and the reading of fragments of books. Numerous Mood Induction Procedures (MIPs) have been developed to generate positive, negative and neutral mood states (see for a revision, ). For this reason, much effort has been made in emotion research to create systems that artificially elicit emotional changes. Ĭontrolled mood induction enables us to better know, understand and manage our emotions.
Over the last three decades, interest in the study of emotions has increased notably, focusing both on the construct itself and its interaction with other concepts such as cognition, behavior, personality and physiology. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.įunding: This work was partially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness/FEDER under TIN2013-47074-C2-1-R and DPI2016-80894-R grants.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Received: FebruAccepted: OctoPublished: November 21, 2019Ĭopyright: © 2019 Fernández-Aguilar et al. PLoS ONE 14(11):Įditor: Hedwig Eisenbarth, Victoria University of Wellington, NEW ZEALAND Additionally, this meta-analysis reveals that variables, such as the number of emotional categories or the type of stimulus used to measure the baseline, should be considered.Ĭitation: Fernández-Aguilar L, Navarro-Bravo B, Ricarte J, Ros L, Latorre JM (2019) How effective are films in inducing positive and negative emotional states? A meta-analysis. Our findings suggest that film clips are especially powerful in inducing negative mood states (Hedges’ g for valence = -1.49 and for arousal = -1.77) although they are also effective inducers of positive mood states (Hedges’ g for valence of =. Forty-five studies were included with 6675 participants and 12 possible moderator variables according to the sample and the research procedure. In addition, several factors related to the films, sample and experimental procedure used, the number of emotional categories, for example, or the number of film clips watched, were included to study their influence on the effectiveness of this mood induction procedure. This comprehensive meta-analysis included only studies that implemented neutral, positive and negative mood inductions to evaluate the effectiveness of the film clip method as a mood induction procedure. Nonetheless, the effectiveness of this method when positive, negative and neutral emotional targets are studied under similar experimental conditions is currently unknown. Meta-analyses and reviews on emotion research have shown the use of film clips to be one of the most effective methods of mood induction.
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